Category Archives: Discussion Paper

Crossing Boundaries and Time: An Exploration of Time Allocation, Emotional Well-Being of Immigrants in the United States. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Raffaele Lagravinese and GLO Fellows Nicola Daniele Coniglio & Rezart Hoxhaj.

August 8, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that immigrants engage in less happy, more stressful, and less meaningful activities compared to natives, but when considering subjective emotional assessments, immigrants are more optimistic and perceive these activities as associated with higher levels of happiness and meaningfulness.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1306, 2023

Crossing Boundaries and Time: An Exploration of Time Allocation, Emotional Well-Being of Immigrants in the United States – Download PDF
by Coniglio, Nicola Daniele & Hoxhaj, Rezart & Lagravinese, Raffaele

GLO Fellows Nicola Daniele Coniglio & Rezart Hoxhaj

Author Abstract: This study investigates the emotional experiences of immigrants and native- born individuals in the United States, exploring the relationship between daily activities and feelings of happiness, stress, and meaningfulness. We analyze the entire range of daily activities and their durations, utilizing data from the American Time-Use Survey (ATUS) Well-Being modules. The results reveal that when viewed through the evaluation lenses of the general US population, immigrants engage in less happy, more stressful, and less meaningful activities compared to natives. However, when considering subjective emotional assessments, immigrants are more optimistic and perceive these activities as associated with higher levels of happiness and meaningfulness. The study also finds evidence of emotional assimilation over time, with happiness disparities between immigrants and natives diminishing. However, this process appears incomplete for second-generation immigrants. The findings highlights the im- portance of recognizing the different perspectives of immigrants to formulate inclusive policies that facilitate integration.

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Journal of Population Economics (JOPE)
JOPE has CiteScore 9.2 (2022, LINK) & Impact Factor 6.1 (2022); 524 K Downloads (2022)

JUST PUBLISHED
Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
ONLINE FIRST: 26 articles forthcoming in Volume 36, Issue 4, 2023.

CALL FOR PAPERS
JOPE invites paper submissions for the following collections:
– Abortions
– Covid-19 and diseases
– Lifecycle fertility models
– Sexual and domestic violence
– Sexuality including LGBT issues
– Statistics & measurement of population economics
For more details and for examples of already published papers in these collections see:
https://glabor.org/collections-journal-of-population-economics-invites-paper-submissions-in-six-research-areas/
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/collections
JOPE Collections are a set of published papers on issues of significant relevance for the journal. Authors are continuously invited to submit their related work for evaluation stating their specific interest to contribute in the submission cover letter. JOPE Editors will treat those submissions with particular interest and speedy handling. Articles will be immediately published after final acceptance.

GLO Discussion Papers are research and policy papers of the GLO Network which are widely circulated to encourage discussion. Provided in cooperation with EconStor, a service of the ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, GLO Discussion Papers are among others listed in RePEc (see IDEAS, EconPapers). Complete list of all GLO DPs – downloadable for free.

The Global Labor Organization (GLO) is an independent, non-partisan and non-governmental organization that functions as an international network and virtual platform to stimulate global research, debate and collaboration.

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From Perception to Action: The Influence of Distrust in Government on Panic Buying in the COVID-19 Era. A new GLO Discussion paper by GLO Affiliate Emre Sari.

August 3, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds a strong positive association between the perceived adequacy of government protective measures and panic buying behavior.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1304, 2023

From Perception to Action: The Influence of Distrust in Government on Panic Buying in the COVID-19 Era – Download PDF
by Sari, Emre

GLO Affiliate Emre Sari

Author Abstract: This research explores the complex dynamics of panic buying during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a comprehensive cross-sectional dataset from an online survey conducted in T¨urkiye, I employ the control function approach to examine the psychological and societal effects of the pandemic. The results show a strong positive association between the perceived adequacy of government protective measures and panic buying behavior. Moreover, the study uncovers the mediating role of individual anxiety levels in this association, highlighting the complexity of this behavior. These findings underscore the need to consider psychological components when developing crisis management strategies, particularly in health emergencies.

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Journal of Population Economics (JOPE)
JOPE has CiteScore 9.2 (2022, LINK) & Impact Factor 6.1 (2022)

JUST PUBLISHED
Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

CALL FOR PAPERS
JOPE invites paper submissions for the following collections:
– Abortions
– Covid-19 and diseases
– Lifecycle fertility models
– Sexual and domestic violence
– Sexuality including LGBT issues
– Statistics & measurement of population economics
For more details and for examples of already published papers in these collections see:
https://glabor.org/collections-journal-of-population-economics-invites-paper-submissions-in-six-research-areas/
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/collections
JOPE Collections are a set of published papers on issues of significant relevance for the journal. Authors are continuously invited to submit their related work for evaluation stating their specific interest to contribute in the submission cover letter. JOPE Editors will treat those submissions with particular interest and speedy handling. Articles will be immediately published after final acceptance.

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Is There An Income-Happiness Puzzle in China? A National Survey, 2003-2021. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Jinyang Yang.

August 2, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that relative income does not have a significant impact on individual happiness.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1303, 2023

Is There An Income-Happiness Puzzle in China? A National Survey, 2003-2021 – Download PDF
by Yang, Jinyang

GLO Fellow Jinyang Yang

Author Abstract: This study investigates the income-happiness puzzle in China by examining the trends in happiness and economic growth over the past two decades. It is the first long-term study in China to utilize a consistent national representative survey in the new century. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) waves 2003-2021, the study reveals a substantial increase in average happiness alongside steady income growth. Income growth contributes to approximately 40% of rural residents’ happiness improvement and 25% of that of urban residents during this period. I find the effect of income is positive and robust when examined using both regional aggregate data and individual data. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of relative income, measured by local average income, does not have a significant impact on individual happiness. The research also highlights the persistent urban-rural happiness gap and explores the distinct happiness-age curves observed between urban and rural residents.

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Air Pollution and Mortality Impacts of Coal Mining: Evidence from Coalmine Accidents in China. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Yun Qiu and colleagues.

August 1, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds significant decreases in respiratory mortality after suspending coal mining with particularly large effects on vulnerable populations.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1302, 2023

Air Pollution and Mortality Impacts of Coal Mining: Evidence from Coalmine Accidents in China – Download PDF
by Chu, Yin & Holladay, J. Scott & Qiu, Yun & Tian, Xian-Liang & Zhou, Maigeng

GLO Fellow Yun Qiu

Author Abstract: We leverage the timing of coalmine accidents to examine the effect of coal mining on air pollution. Safety regulations mandate that coal mining be suspended if a mine experiences an accident with 10 or more fatalities. We use a stacked difference-in-differences approach to compare counties with an accident to those experiencing an accident more than two years earlier or later. We provide evidence that the timing of accidents cannot be predicted. Next, we combine satellite-based air pollution data at the county-day level with the dates of accidents to show that on average, suspending coal mining reduces local air pollution by 8%. Changes in the level of coal consumption do not drive this reduction. We also find significant decreases in respiratory mortality after suspending coal mining with particularly large effects on vulnerable populations.

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In utero shocks and health at birth: The distorting effect of fetal losses. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Tamás Hajdu.

July 31, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper shows that the results of the standard empirical approach are biased.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1301, 2023

In utero shocks and health at birth: The distorting effect of fetal losses – Download PDF
by Hajdu, Tamás

GLO Fellow Tamás Hajdu

Author Abstract: Research on the effect of in utero shocks on health at birth may be influenced by in utero selection. This study outlines a conceptual framework and shows that the results of the standard empirical approach are biased if (i) the exposure changes the probability of fetal death and (ii) health differences exist between deceased and surviving fetuses. Furthermore, an empirical example is provided to illustrate, the potential importance of fetal selection. Examining the impact of heat on birth weight, I find that accounting for fetal selection substantially increases the heat effect compared to the standard approach. These results suggest that incorporating the distorting effect of fetal losses into the estimations may be critical in some cases to provide more informed guidance for public policy.

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Diluted blood still better than water? The beneficial effects of politicians’ birthplaces on refugee acceptance. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Hai-Anh Dang and Trong-Anh Trinh.

July 28, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that countries with higher shares of foreign-born politicians have higher recognition rates and offer more aid to refugees.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1300, 2023

Diluted blood still better than water? The beneficial effects of politicians’ birthplaces on refugee acceptance – Download PDF
by Dang, Hai-Anh H. & Trinh, Trong-Anh

GLO Fellow Hai-Anh Dang

Author Abstract: In parliamentary systems, elected representatives often have power to direct resources to their preferred areas. Foreign-born politicians, those who were born in countries other than the country where they hold policymaking positions, may exhibit a strong preference for refugees. We provide the first empirical evidence on the relationship between politicians’ birthplaces and refugee acceptance. Employing an instrumental variable approach to analyze a newly-constructed panel data set comprising 17 destination countries in the OECD during 2002-2019, we find that countries with higher shares of foreign-born politicians have higher recognition rates and offer more aid to refugees. Our findings remain robust for different outcome variables, model specifications, and birthplaces’ income levels. Some evidence also suggests that countries with more foreign-born politicians affiliated with left-wing parties tend to show more favouritism toward refugees. Finally, we find that favourable asylum policy and positive public opinion are possible explanations for increased acceptance of refugees.

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Pathways to Better Health? Assessing the Impact of Ethiopian Community-Based Health Insurance on Children Health Outcomes. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Lorenzo Rocco and colleagues.

July 27, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper shows that it matters and how.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1299, 2023

Pathways to Better Health? Assessing the Impact of Ethiopian Community-Based Health Insurance on Children Health Outcomes – Download PDF
by Anteneh, Zecharias & Celidoni, Martina & Rocco, Lorenzo

GLO Fellow Lorenzo Rocco

Author Abstract: Publicly financed Community Based-Health Insurance (CBHI) schemes are typically implemented in developing countries to foster healthcare utilization and improve health outcomes among low-income households. Using the Demographic and Health Survey from 2005 to 2016, we estimate the effects of the Ethiopian CBHI on children’s health. Difference-in-differences estimates show that CBHI reduced mortality and the probability of being underweight among children under five. We also find that CBHI significantly reduces wasting, a measure of short-term nutritional deficiency or health conditions, but not stunting, known to be an indicator of long-term chronic malnutrition. Potential mechanisms underlying our results are improved maternal health, access to health care, nutrition and a reduced risk of poverty.

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Identity assimilation: Impact of conflict and partition on the giving behaviors of refugees and natives in West Bengal. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Debayan Pakrashi & Sarani Saha and colleagues.

July 24, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper shows that it matters and how.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1297, 2023

Identity assimilation: Impact of conflict and partition on the giving behaviors of refugees and natives in West Bengal – Download PDF
by Bhattacharya, Nilanjan & Pakrashi, Debayan & Saha, Sarani & Wang, Liang C.

GLO Fellows Debayan Pakrashi & Sarani Saha

Author Abstract: In regions affected by conflicts, partition, and violence, how does past exposure to such incidences affect attitudes towards members of different social groups? Drawing on the theory of inequity aversion model, we infer that past exposure to conflict and violence can increase an individual’s ability to empathize with the ingroup(s) and discriminate against the outgroup(s). We test this hypothesis by conducting a money-giving dictator game and a money-taking dictator game among 794 Hindu Bengali individuals from an Indian-native-born background and an East-Pakistan-refugee background residing in the state of West Bengal in India. Our objective is to study the dominant social identity and identity assimilation of individuals with multiple social affiliations. We find that participants from both native and refugee backgrounds show favoritism towards other Hindus in India by giving them money taken away from Muslims in India, Hindus in Bangladesh, and Muslims in Bangladesh. The favoritism towards other Hindus in India indicates that they are treated as the social ingroup, while the discrimination against the other groups indicates that they are treated as the social outgroups. Participants from refugee families discriminate against Muslims in India more than Hindus in Bangladesh, while participants from native families discriminate against Hindus in Bangladesh more than Muslims in India. The differential treatments across social groups suggest that the Hindu religious affiliation plays a more dominant role than the Indian nationality affiliation in the identity of refugees. Further, we find suggestive evidence of identity assimilation among individuals with a refugee background.

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The Births of New Private-owned Enterprises in an Environment of State-owned Enterprises. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Zhong Zhao and Liang Zheng.

July 24, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that incumbent state-owned enterprises hinder the formation of new private-owned enterprises.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1296, 2023

The Births of New Private-owned Enterprises in an Environment of State-owned Enterprises – Download PDF
by Zhao, Zhong & Zheng, Liang

GLO Fellow Zh ong Zhao

Author Abstract: The impact of the incumbent state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on the births of new private-owned enterprises (POEs) in China is a central concern for the government and society. In this paper, we apply agglomeration theories to distinguish the linkages between SOEs and POEs. Using China’s 2008 economic census, the 2007 Input-Output Table, and the 2005 population mini census, we measure the formation of new POEs at the city-industry level, and the agglomeration forces of distance proximity to inputs, outputs, labor, and technology. More explicitly, we measure the extent to which local SOEs provide relevant inputs, consume outputs, employ similar workers, and use similar technology. Our findings indicate that overall, incumbent SOEs hinder the formation of new POEs. For manufacturing, the entry of new POEs is significantly lower in places where more upstream SOEs are concentrated. For services, the entry of new POEs is significantly lower in places where more upstream and downstream SOEs are concentrated. However, the agglomeration effects from the incumbent POEs are either insignificant or significantly positive.

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Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence Than Collective Ones? A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Uwe Jirjahn & Jens Mohrenweiser.

July 23, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper shows that individual-based performance pay does not outperform group-based performance pay or profit sharing.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1298, 2023

Variable Payment Schemes and Productivity: Do Individual-Based Schemes Really Have a Stronger Influence Than Collective Ones? – Download PDF
by Jirjahn, Uwe & Mohrenweiser, Jens

GLO Fellows Uwe Jirjahn & Jens Mohrenweiser

Author Abstract: While studies on individual-based and collective payment schemes are largely unconnected, there appears to be a widely held belief that individual-based schemes have a stronger influence on firm performance than collective ones. This also applies to an index of best management practices developed by Bloom and Van Reenen (2007). The index assigns the highest weight to individual-based performance pay, a medium weight to group-based performance pay and a low weight to profit sharing. This weighting is obviously driven by the implicit assumption that collective payment schemes suffer from a free-rider problem so they have a less strong influence on productivity than individual-based schemes. We show that this assumption is questionable from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. Using the German Management and Organizational Practices Survey, one of the datasets initiated by Bloom and Van Reenen, we show that individual-based performance pay does not outperform group-based performance pay or profit sharing. The finding also holds when accounting for possible interactions among the payment schemes and considering the moderating roles of firm size, employee representation, and innovativeness. Our results suggest that researchers should be careful with respect to the assumptions and subjective priors guiding their empirical analyses.

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Armed Conflict and Early Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Cameroon’s Anglophone Conflict. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Hector Galindo-Silva and GLO Fellow Guy Tchuente.

July 19, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that an increase in violent events and conflict-related deaths causes a significant decline in test scores in reading and mathematics.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1295, 2023

Armed Conflict and Early Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Cameroon’s Anglophone Conflict – Download PDF
by Galindo-Silva, Hector & Tchuente, Guy

GLO Fellow Guy Tchuente

Author Abstract: This paper examines the impact of the Anglophone Conflict in Cameroon on human capital accumulation. Using high-quality individual-level data on test scores and information on conflict-related violent events, a difference-in-differences design is employed to estimate the conflict’s causal effects. The results show that an increase in violent events and conflict-related deaths causes a significant decline in test scores in reading and mathematics. The conflict also leads to higher rates of teacher absenteeism and reduced access to electricity in schools. These findings highlight the adverse consequences of conflict-related violence on human capital accumulation, particularly within the Anglophone subsystem. The study emphasizes the disproportionate burden faced by Anglophone pupils due to language-rooted tensions and segregated educational systems.

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Improving school management in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Lee Crawfurd & Todd Pugatch and colleagues.

July 18, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds three main factors which mitigate program effectiveness: low take-up; lack of incentives or structure for implementation of recommendations; and the lengthy causal chain linking management practices to student learning.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1294, 2023

Improving school management in low and middle income countries: A systematic review – Download PDF

by Anand, Gautam & Atluri, Aishwarya & Crawfurd, Lee & Pugatch, Todd & Sheth, Ketki

GLO Fellows Lee Crawfurd & Todd Pugatch

Author Abstract: Improving school quality in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is a global priority. One way to improve quality may be to improve the management skills of school leaders. In this systematic review, we analyze the impact of interventions targeting school leaders’ management practices on student learning. We begin by describing the characteristics and responsibilities of school leaders using data from large, multi-country surveys. Second, we review the literature and conduct a metaanalysis of the causal effect of school management interventions on student learning, using 39 estimates from 20 evaluations. We estimate a statistically significant improvement in student learning of 0.04 standard deviations. We show that effect sizes are not related to program scale or intensity. We complement the meta-analysis by identifying common limitations to program effectiveness through a qualitative assessment of the studies included in our review. We find three main factors which mitigate program effectiveness: 1) low take-up; 2) lack of incentives or structure for implementation of recommendations; and 3) the lengthy causal chain linking management practices to student learning. Finally, to assess external validity of our review, we survey practitioners to compare characteristics between evaluated and commonly implemented programs. Our findings suggest that future work should focus on generating evidence on the marginal effect of common design elements in these interventions, including factors that promote school leader engagement and accountability.

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Hidden drop-out: Secondary education (unseen) failure in pandemic times. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Marco Tonello and colleagues.

July 17, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that hidden drop-out increased during the crisis.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1293, 2023

Hidden drop-out: Secondary education (unseen) failure in pandemic times – Download PDF
by Alderighi, Lorenzo & Ballatore, Rosario M. & Tonello, Marco

GLO Fellow Marco Tonello

Author Abstract: We estimate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on hidden drop-out, a new measure indicating failure in achieving the minimum level of skills considered to be adequate for a student getting the high school diploma. We exploit the exogenous variation induced by the pandemic by comparing two cohorts of students (one affected and the other unaffected), within the same school. We find that hidden drop-out increases by 8.6 percentage points; the effect is stronger for students with lower levels of prior achievement, from poorer families, but also for those emotionally disrupted during assessments, and for those disclosing lower educational aspirations.

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Learning during the Pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan. A new GLO Discussion paper by Syedah Aroob Iqbal and GLO Fellow Harry Patrinos.

July 16, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that test scores in math for grade 5 students improved over time despite school closures.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1292, 2023

Learning during the Pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan – Download PDF
by Iqbal, & Patrinos, Harry Anthony

GLO Fellow Harry Patrinos

Author Abstract: School closures induced by the COVID-19 pandemic led to concerns about student learning. This paper evaluates the effect of school closures on student learning in Uzbekistan, using a unique dataset that allows assessing change in learning over time. The findings show that test scores in math for grade 5 students improved over time by 0.29 standard deviation despite school closures. The outcomes among students who were assessed in 2019 improved by an average of 0.72 standard deviation over the next two years, slightly lower than the expected growth of 0.80 standard deviation. The paper explores the reasons for no learning loss.

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Impact of early childhood school intervention on enrollment and learning outcomes: Evaluation of a public program in India. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Nilanjan Bhattacharya and GLO Fellows Debayan Pakrashi, Sarani Saha & Soham Sahoo.

July 15, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that the program significantly increased enrollment in the pre-primary sections of the government schools.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1290, 2023

Impact of early childhood school intervention on enrollment and learning outcomes: Evaluation of a public program in India – Download PDF
by Bhattacharya, Nilanjan & Pakrashi, Debayan & Saha, Sarani & Sahoo, Soham

GLO Fellows Debayan Pakrashi, Sarani Saha & Soham Sahoo

Author Abstract: We evaluate the impact of introducing a pre-primary schooling program in government schools in the Indian state of West Bengal in 2013 on children’s early enrollment in schools and subsequent test scores. Using double difference, triple difference, and synthetic control methodologies, we find that the program significantly increased enrollment in the pre-primary sections of the government schools. However, the rise in enrollment did not translate into improved performance of the students. Analyzing the test scores, we find that after the program’s introduction, both math and reading scores of treated children did not improve compared to the control group. We attribute this result to the deteriorating physical and learning infrastructure in the state government schools, captured via a decline in the availability of classrooms and teachers.

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More than a She-recession: Long-term feminization and short-term pandemic effects. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Linnea Nelli and GLO Fellow Maria Enrica Virgillito.

July 14, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper finds that the impact of the Covid-19 crisis has been more than proportional for women in Italy, especially for low educated female workers and working in the South during 2020.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1291, 2023

More than a She-recession: Long-term feminization and short-term pandemic effects – Download PDF
by Nelli, Linnea & Virgillito, Maria Enrica

GLO Fellow Maria Enrica Virgillito

Author Abstract: The Covid-19 crisis has been defined as a “She-recession” because of its disproportionate impact on female employment by contrast to past recessions defined as “Man-recessions”, for the usual disproportionate impact on men. The roots of the She-recession can be however traced back to the persistence of gender asymmetries both intra-household and extra-household in the labour market, a phenomenon known as feminization. This paper aims at measuring and explaining the gender differences in the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the Italian labour market from a macroeconomic perspective. We measure the duration, depth and diffusion of the Covid-19 crisis on job losses, structural unemployment and inactivity. We find that the impact of the Covid-19 crisis has been more than proportional for women, especially for low educated female workers and working in the South during 2020.

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Educating children with disabilities: Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Niger. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Elena Nikolova and colleagues.

July 13, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper discusses the factors contributing to the continued marginalization of children with disabilities in Africa.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1289, 2023

Educating children with disabilities: Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Niger – Download PDF
by Hang’andu, Privilege & Mensah, Emmanuel Kodwo & Nikolova, Elena & Hayward, Elizabeth

GLO Fellow Elena Nikolova

Author Abstract: Education is a fundamental human right and it is a global Sustainable Development Goal to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all.” Many children with disabilities in low-income countries, however, continue to be excluded from educational opportunities at great cost to themselves, their families, and the communities in which they live. Realizing the right to inclusive education for children with disabilities requires policies and practices that are tailored to and effective for unique regional and local contexts. Using new qualitative data collected in 2020 (based on a desk review and key informant interviews), this chapter explores the inclusiveness, equality, and quality of education for children with disabilities in three African countries: Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Niger. The study countries are at the bottom of the Human Development Index ranking of 189 countries worldwide (Ethiopia 173, Burkina Faso 182, Niger 189, data from 2020). Despite state commitments to education as a human right and legislative support for inclusive education in each country, social, economic, political, and financial factors at the family, community, and system levels contribute to the continued marginalization of children with disabilities. The insights from this multi-country analysis highlight the importance of locally informed and context-specific approaches but also point to broader lessons for the study and promotion of inclusive education in low-resource settings. These insights provide a starting point for further investigation of disabilityinclusive education on the African continent and in the developing world.

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Firm Closures and Labor Market Policies in Europe: Evidence from Retrospective Longitudinal Data. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Georgios Voucharas and GLO Fellow Nikolaos Theodoropoulos.

July 12, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The new GLO Discussion Paper findings suggest that, in contrast to passive labor market policies, investing in active labor market policies increases the re-employment probability and the re-employment duration, reduces the risk of staying unemployed, and leads to higher wages at the lower end of the conditional wage distribution.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1288, 2023

Firm Closures and Labor Market Policies in Europe: Evidence from Retrospective Longitudinal Data – Download PDF
by Theodoropoulos, Nikolaos & Voucharas, Georgios

GLO Fellow Nikolaos Theodoropoulos

Author Abstract: We examine the impact of active and passive labor market policies expenditures on the probability of re-employment, re-employment duration, unemployment duration, and re-employment wages in the case of job displacements due to firm closures. We use retrospective homogeneous longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and OECD data for 24 countries over the period 1985-2017 and we operate within alternative econometric frameworks. Our findings suggest that, in contrast to passive labor market policies, investing in active labor market policies increases the re-employment probability and the re-employment duration, reduces the risk of staying unemployed, and leads to higher wages at the lower end of the conditional wage distribution. Passive labor market policies estimates offset active labor market estimates and their interaction effect is always negative, but complementarities effects are found for Northern countries. By breaking down active and passive labor market policies into eight subcomponents, our results indicate that they have significant heterogeneous effects within and across labor market outcomes. Further, expenditures on labor market policies vary substantially across regions. For instance, active labor market policies have a stronger impact for Eastern countries, whereas passive labor market policies such as out-of-work income has a positive impact for Southern countries. Further, females are found to benefit more from active labor market policies in terms of re-employment probability, duration of re-employment, and risk of unemployment, but not in terms of wages, compared to males. Policymakers may consider the importance of implementing diverse reforms tailored to different countries and groups to enhance the effectiveness of labor market policies.

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Covid-19 and Entrepreneurship by GLO Fellow Alina Sorgner.

July 11, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion paper identifies and reviews six main themes covered in the emerging literature: entrepreneurial process, resilience and opportunity, entrepreneurial finance, policy responses to the Covid-19 crisis, gender, and well-being.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1287, 2023

Covid-19 and Entrepreneurship – Download PDF
by Sorgner, Alina

Author Abstract: This chapter presents the results of a systematic review of literature (SLR) on impacts of Covid-19 on entrepreneurship published in the first three years since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, covering the period between January 2020 and January 2023. Main developments in the literature over time, space and themes are identified. The literature body has been growing constantly over time, with most studies included in this SLR published in 2022 that remained unconsidered in previous SLRs. In terms of spatial distribution of published research, a significant number of studies focus on North American and European countries, while low-income countries and countries in Latin American, Sub-Saharan and South Asian regions are underrepresented. Six main themes (and multiple sub-themes) were identified in the literature: entrepreneurial process, resilience and opportunity, entrepreneurial finance, policy responses to the Covid-19 crisis, gender, and well-being. Research on the impact the pandemic has had on entrepreneurial process, sources of financing, resilience of start-up firms, and opportunities emerging from the crisis has been dominating the literature since the early days of the pandemic and has been growing since then. Emerging themes include policy responses to the Covid-19 crisis and their (unintended) consequences for entrepreneurship, as well as differential impact of Covid-19 on female and male entrepreneurs. Studies on well-being of entrepreneurs, including their physical and mental health, represent a relatively low share of the literature on Covid-19 and entrepreneurship. Implications of the results for entrepreneurship research and practice are discussed.

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The Unintended Consequence of Stringent Immigration Enforcement on Staffing in Nursing Homes: Evidence from Secure Communities. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Christian Gunadi.

July 10, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that the Secure Communities program reduced direct-care staff hours and hence exacerbates the healthcare worker shortage in the United States.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1286, 2023

The Unintended Consequence of Stringent Immigration Enforcement on Staffing in Nursing Homes: Evidence from Secure Communities – Download PDF
by Gunadi, Christian

GLO Fellow Christian Gunadi

Author Abstract: The provision of healthcare in the United States is increasingly more reliant on immigrant workers. In this paper, I examine the impact of Secure Communities, a major immigration enforcement program that was designed to check the immigration status of all individuals arrested by local police, on staffing in nursing homes. Using difference-in-differences strategy that exploits staggered activation of Secure Communities across U.S counties, I found that the program reduced direct-care staff hours per resident day by 0.082, an approximately 2.2% decline relative to the mean of treatment counties in the baseline period. This finding suggests that stringent immigration enforcement may exacerbate the healthcare worker shortage in the United States.

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Remittances and Child Labor in Pakistan: A Tale of Complementarities. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows James Bang, Aniruddha Mitra & Faisal Abbas.

July 9, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper using data from a survey conducted in the Punjab province of Pakistan finds that remittances have in general failed to mitigate household reliance on child labor.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1285, 2023

Remittances and Child Labor in Pakistan: A Tale of Complementarities – Download PDF
by Bang, James & Mitra, Aniruddha & Abbas, Faisal

GLO Fellows James Bang, Aniruddha Mitra & Faisal Abbas

Author Abstract: We investigate the impact of remittance income on the household decision to send a child to work. Using data from a Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey conducted in the Punjab province of Pakistan in 2014, we isolate the causal impact of remittance income by employing statistical matching to construct counterfactuals that allow us to compare the occurrence in child labor in comparable households that differ solely in their access to remittances. We find that remittances have in general failed to mitigate household reliance on child labor in Punjab. However, the impact depends critically on whether remittances originate from within Pakistan or outside, the age and gender of the child, and on the nature of employment. Specifically, internal remittances increase the labor force participation of the youngest children in the 5-11 age group, with girls being more likely to work in household production and boys being additionally more likely to work as wage labor in nonhazardous occupations. By contrast, international remittances impact the oldest children in the 14-17 age group. While girls in this age group participate more in household and nonhazardous market production, boys are additionally more likely to participate in hazardous activity.

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Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Jacopo Staccioli and Marco Vivarelli & colleagues.

July 8, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The GLO Discussion Paper studies labor-saving automation (namely robotics and AI) based on natural language processing of US patents to find that both upstream high-tech providers and downstream users of new technologies – such as Boeing and Amazon – lead the underlying innovative efforts.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1284, 2023

Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges – Download PDF
by Corrocher, Nicoletta & Moschella, Daniele & Staccioli, Jacopo & Vivarelli, Marco

GLO Fellows Jacopo Staccioli and Marco Vivarelli

Author Abstract: This paper deals with the complex relationship between innovation and the labor market, analyzing the impact of new technological advancements on overall employment, skills and wages. After a critical review of the extant literature and the available empirical studies, novel evidence is presented on the distribution of labor-saving automation (namely robotics and AI), based on natural language processing of US patents. This mapping shows that both upstream high-tech providers and downstream users of new technologies – such as Boeing and Amazon – lead the underlying innovative effort.

Featured image: Alex-Knight-on-Unsplash

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Roots of Inequality. A new GLO Discussion Paper of GLO Fellow Oded Galor and colleagues.

July 7, 2023Discussion Paper, Highlight, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The GLO Discussion Paper finds sizable support for the United States that variation in the inequality across groups of individuals originating from different ancestral backgrounds can be traced to the degree of diversity of their ancestral populations.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1283, 2023

Roots of Inequality – Download PDF
by Galor, Oded & Klemp, Marc & Wainstock, Daniel C.

GLO Fellow Oded Galor is an Editor of the Journal of Population Economics

Author Abstract: Why does inequality vary across societies? We advance the hypothesis that in a market economy, where earning differentials reflect variations in productive traits among individuals, a significant component of the differences in inequality across societies can be attributed to variation in societal interpersonal diversity, shaped by the prehistorical out-of-Africa migration. Exploring the roots of inequality within the US population, we find supporting evidence for our hypothesis: variation in the inequality across groups of individuals originating from different ancestral backgrounds can be traced to the degree of diversity of their ancestral populations. This effect is sizable: a move from the lowest to the highest level of diversity in the sample is associated with an increase in the Gini index from the median to the 75th percentile of the inequality distribution.

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Ethnic spatial dispersion and immigrant identity. GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Amelie F. Constant & Simone Schüller and Klaus F. Zimmermann

July 6, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

The GLO Discussion Paper finds that local co-ethnic concentration affects immigrants’ ethnic identity.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1282, 2023

Ethnic spatial dispersion and immigrant identity – Download PDF
by Constant, Amelie F. & Schüller, Simone & Zimmermann, Klaus F.

GLO Fellows Amelie F. Constant and Simone Schüller

Now published: Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. Open Access: https://lnkd.in/eT-YvEfN

Author Abstract: The role of ethnic clustering in ethnic identity formation has remained unexplored, mainly due to missing detailed data. This study closes the knowledge gap for Germany by employing a unique combination of datasets, the survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and disaggregated information at low geographical levels from the last two but still unexploited full German censuses, 1970 and 1987. Utilizing the exogenous placement of immigrants during the recruitment era in the 1960s and 1970s we find that local co-ethnic concentration affects immigrants’ ethnic identity. While residential ethnic clustering strengthens immigrants’ retention of an affiliation with their origin (minority identity), it weakens identification with the host society (majority identity). The effects are nonlinear and become significant only at relatively high levels of co-ethnic concentration for the minority identity and at very low levels of local concentration for the majority identity. The findings are robust to an instrumental variable approach.

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Hypothetical tax-benefit reforms in Hungary: Shifting from tax relief to cash transfers for family support. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Ana Agúndez García and GLO Fellow Michael Christl.

July 5, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that reforms have an inequality-decreasing impact.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1281, 2023

Hypothetical tax-benefit reforms in Hungary: Shifting from tax relief to cash transfers for family support – Download PDF
by Agúndez García, Ana & Christl, Michael

GLO Fellow Michael Christl

Author Abstract: This paper evaluates two hypothetical budget-neutral reforms that shift resources from family tax expenditures to family cash transfers. We evaluate these reforms using a structural labor supply model based on the microsimulation EUROMOD model and EUSILC data. We find that both reforms have an inequality-decreasing impact. However, when looking at labor supply responses for different household types, we show that the reforms have a non-negligible impact, especially for females in couple households. Additionally, we show that females in the middle of the income distribution in particular will reduce labor supply in response to the reforms.

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Unsafe temperatures, unsafe jobs: The impact of weather conditions on work-related injuries. A new GLO Discussion Paper of Mattia Filomena and GLO Fellow Matteo Picchio.

July 4, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that both high and cold temperatures impair occupational health by increasing workplace injury rates.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1280, 2023

Unsafe temperatures, unsafe jobs: The impact of weather conditions on work-related injuries – Download PDF
by Filomena, Mattia & Picchio, Matteo

GLO Fellow Matteo Picchio

Author Abstract: We estimate the impact of temperatures on work-related accident rates in Italy by using daily data on weather conditions matched to administrative daily data on work-related accidents. The identification strategy of the causal effect relies on the plausible exogeneity of short-term daily temperature variations in a given spatial unit. We find that both high and cold temperatures impair occupational health by increasing workplace injury rates. The positive effect of warmer weather conditions on work-related accident rates is larger for men, in manufacturing and service sectors, and for workplace injuries. Colder temperatures lead to a substantial increase in commuting accidents, especially during rainy days.

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Temperature and Low-stakes Cognitive Performance. A new GLO Discussion Paper of GLO Fellow Xi Chen and colleagues.

June 30, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that exposure to excess temperature leads to a sizable decline in math scores.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1278, 2023

Temperature and Low-stakes Cognitive Performance – Download PDF
by Zhang, Xin & Chen, Xi & Zhang, Xiaobo

GLO Fellow Xi Chen

Xi Chen is an Editor of the Journal of Population Economics.

Author Abstract: This paper offers one of the first evidence in a developing country context that transitory exposure to high temperatures may disrupt low-stakes cognitive activities across a range of age cohorts. By matching eight years of repeated cognitive tests among all the participants in a nationally representative longitudinal survey in China with weather data according to the exact time and geographic location of their assessment, we show that exposure to a temperature above 32 °C on the test date, relative to a moderate day within 22-24 °C, leads to a sizable decline in their math scores by 0.066 standard deviations (equivalent to 0.23 years of education). Further, the effect on the math test scores is more salient for individuals who are older or less educated.

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Female Early Marriage and Son Preference in Pakistan. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Rashid Javed and colleagues.

June 30, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds significant evidence supporting the role of early marriage in perpetuating a disproportionate preference for boys.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1279, 2023

Female Early Marriage and Son Preference in Pakistan – Download PDF
by Mughal, Mazhar & Javed, Rashid & Lorey, Thierry

GLO Fellow Rashid Javed

Author Abstract: In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women’s perspectives on gender preference associated with reproduction. We employ a number of econometric techniques (Probit, OLS, Cox Hazard Model, IV Probit and treatment effects) and a large set of model specifications, and find significant evidence supporting the role of early marriage in perpetuating disproportionate preference for boys. Women who married before turning 18 not only state a greater desire for boys but are also less likely to stop reproduction as long as they do not have a boy. Early-age marriage is associated with 7.7 – 12.5% higher incidence of fertility discontinuation among women without a son. This son-preferring behaviour is stronger at higher birth order and also reflects in differential spacing patterns. Women’s education appears to be the strongest channel through which these effects are mediated. The divergence between early- and late-marrying women appears to have sharpened over time. The findings of this study underscore the role played by early marriage in altering the gender-specific attitudes prevalent in the society, and highlight existing gender inequality traps.

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Workers’ behavior after safety regulations: Impact evaluation of the Spanish Occupational Safety and Health Act. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Pablo Delgado-Cubillo and GLO Fellow Ángel L. Martín-Román.

June 28, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that while the nonfatal accident rate decreased after the implementation of the regulation, the isolated effect on accidents that usually provoke hard-to-diagnose injuries (dislocations, back pain, sprains, and strains) shows a significant increase.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1277, 2023

Workers’ behavior after safety regulations: Impact evaluation of the Spanish Occupational Safety and Health Act – Download PDF
by Delgado-Cubillo, Pablo & Martín Román, Ángel L.

GLO Fellow Ángel L. Martín-Román

Author Abstract: While the 1995 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH) regulation transformed the outlook on workplaces in Spain, characterized by a lack of preventive protection, public statistics have reported an increasing trend in the postregulation workplace accident rates. This study uses microdata from official national statistics to examine the effect of the OSH regulation on the reported accidents while focusing on its severity. Accordingly, we apply a difference-in-difference assessment method where a comparable group is formed by the contemporaneous in itinere accidents (commuting), which are legally and statistically considered work-related accidents but not directly impacted by the OSH regulation, with a focus on the workplace environment. The results reveal that the nonfatal accident rate decreased after the implementation of the regulation. However, when we isolate the effect of the regulation on accidents that usually provoke hard-to-diagnose injuries (dislocations, back pain, sprains, and strains), we obtain a significant increase in the accident rate. Moral hazard mixed effects seem to have played a crucial role in these dynamics through overreporting and/or Peltzman effects, often offsetting accident reduction intended by the OSH regulation.

Journal of Population Economics (JOPE)
JOPE has CiteScore 9.2 (NEW – 2022, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

JUST PUBLISHED
Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

CALL FOR PAPERS
JOPE invites paper submissions for the following collections:
– Abortions
– Covid-19 and diseases
– Lifecycle fertility models
– Sexual and domestic violence
– Sexuality including LGBT issues
– Statistics & measurement of population economics
For more details and for examples of already published papers in these collections see:
https://glabor.org/collections-journal-of-population-economics-invites-paper-submissions-in-six-research-areas/
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/collections
JOPE Collections are a set of published papers on issues of significant relevance for the journal. Authors are continuously invited to submit their related work for evaluation stating their specific interest to contribute in the submission cover letter. JOPE Editors will treat those submissions with particular interest and speedy handling. Articles will be immediately published after final acceptance.

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Too few women at the top of firms: Foreign ownership, gender segregation and cultural causes. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Sangeeta Khorana & Allan Webster.

June 27, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper established the importance of cultural attitudes in determination of the gender of top managers.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1276, 2023

Too few women at the top of firms: Foreign ownership, gender segregation and cultural causes – Download PDF
by Khorana, Sangeeta & Webster, Allan

GLO Fellows Sangeeta Khorana & Allan Webster

Author Abstract: This study uses enterprise survey data from a sample of 26 countries to address the question “why are there too few women at the top of firms?”. That is, it asks why the proportion of firms with females at the top is low in relation to the share of females in full-time employment. To reduce the risk of bias arising from a confounding variable the range of explanatory variables used was wide, including data at the level of the firm, sector and country. An important contribution to the analysis was made by the inclusion of national cultural attitudes. The most important findings of the enterprise level analysis were that foreign owned firms were statistically significantly less likely to employ a female top manager, that the pattern of female top managers by sector follows a wider pattern of gender segregation, and that national cultural attitudes are important in the determination of the gender of the top manager. Having established the importance of cultural attitudes in determination of the gender of top managers the study uses a second set of data to analyse national attitudes associated with hostility to female executives. Unsurprisingly this hostility to female executives is predominantly on the part of males rather than females but religion and a lack of education are important too. The paper contributes to the literature on gender in International Business and overlaps with the literature dealing with the need for affiliates to adjust to local culture.

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The Evolution of Labor Market Disparities between Hispanic and non-Hispanic Men: 1970-2019. A new GLO Discussion Paper of Ioannis Kospentaris and GLO Fellow Leslie Stratton.

June 26, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that much of the employment and earnings gains over the last 50 years are attributable to Hispanic immigrants, particularly immigrants not fluent in English.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1274, 2023

The Evolution of Labor Market Disparities between Hispanic and non-Hispanic Men: 1970-2019 – Download PDF
by Kospentaris, Ioannis & Stratton, Leslie S.

GLO Fellow Leslie Stratton

Author Abstract: We describe how ethnic disparities in the labor market between prime aged Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men have evolved over the last 50 years. Using data from the March CPS, the Census, and the ACS, we examine several employment and earning outcomes. Hispanics have experienced sizable gains to employment: from a negative 2% prior to 1990 to a positive 4% after 2010 compared to non-Hispanics. In terms of earnings, Hispanics face a substantial negative disparity between 20% and 30% with some improvement after 2000. Most of the employment gain is driven by those with less than a high school degree, while the earnings disparity increases with education. Comparing Hispanic immigrants with natives reveals much of the employment and earnings gains are attributable to Hispanic immigrants, particularly immigrants not fluent in English.

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British Colonialism and Women Empowerment in India. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Bharti Nandwani and GLO Fellow Punarjit Roychowdhury.

June 26, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that women who live in areas that were under direct British rule, compared to their counterparts, are better off in terms of almost all measures of women empowerment.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1275, 2023

British Colonialism and Women Empowerment in India – Download PDF
by Nandwani, Bharti & Roychowdhury, Punarjit

GLO Fellow Punarjit Roychowdhury

Author Abstract: This paper examines the long-term link between British colonialism and women empowerment in India. We compare women’s contemporary economic outcomes across areas that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy, we find that women who live in areas that were under direct British rule, compared to their counterparts, are better off in terms of almost all measures of women empowerment including employment, within-household decision-making, mobility, etc. We also document positive impacts of British colonialism on several drivers of women empowerment including education, fertility, marital age, gender norms, etc. While our study of the underlying transmission channels is challenged by data limitations, we argue that legal and institutional changes brought in by the British in favor of women and the West-inspired social reformation movement of the 19th century may be relevant to explaining this long-term link.

Featured image: Trevor-Cole-on-Unsplash

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Does Temporary Employment undermine the Quality of Permanent Jobs? A new GLO Discussion paper by GLO Fellow Fabio Landini and colleagues.

June 25, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that temporary employments reduce the quality of permanent jobs.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1273, 2023

Does Temporary Employment undermine the Quality of Permanent Jobs? – Download PDF
by Pollio, Chiara & Landini, Fabio & Prodi, Elena & Arrighetti, Alessandro

GLO Fellow Fabio Landini

Author Abstract: Standard screening and core-periphery theories claim that temporary employment does not undermine the quality of permanent jobs. In contrast, organizational approaches suggest that firms use temporary contracts to pursue low-road employment strategies, which involve the creation of cheap and low quality jobs also for permanent employees. We test these predictions by matching administrative data at the occupation, worker and firm level from the Emilia Romagna region (Italy). Job quality is measured through non-wage occupation-specific factors capturing self-realisation, recognition and social support. Baseline and IV estimates show that a larger use of temporary employees is associated with permanent jobs of lower quality. Moreover, in firms using more temporary workers the jobs of permanent employees are more routinized and less complex. Also, in such firms, permanent workers hold occupations that receive less training and involve less teamwork. These results suggest that where temporary work is used, the low quality of permanent positions is driven by work arrangements that tend to economize on individual skills and competences, which is consistent with the low-road employment hypothesis. Related managerial and policy implications are discussed.

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Moving Policies Toward Racial and Ethnic Equality: The Case of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Norbert Wilson and GLO Fellows Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Hugo Jales & Judith Liu.

June 23, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that differences in eligibility contribute the most to benefits differentials for Black and Hispanic households relative to White households.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1272, 2023

Moving Policies Toward Racial and Ethnic Equality: The Case of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – Download PDF
by Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso & Jales, Hugo B. & Liu, Judith & Wilson, Norbert L.

GLO Fellows Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Hugo Jales & Ju dith Liu

Alfonso Flores-Lagunes is also an Editor of the Journal of Population Economics.

Author Abstract: We analyze the role played by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in alleviating or exacerbating inequality across racial and ethnic groups in food expenditures and in the resources needed to meet basic food needs (the “food resource gap”). To do this, we propose a simple framework that decomposes differences across groups in SNAP benefit transfer levels into three components: eligibility, participation, and generosity. This decomposition is then linked to differences in food expenditures and the food resource gap. Our results reveal that among the three components, differences in eligibility contribute the most to SNAP benefits differentials for Black and Hispanic households relative to White households. Given that SNAP is often a target of policy changes, we employ the framework to provide counterfactual analyses of how selected SNAP policy changes can impact group differences in benefits and, ultimately, disparities in food expenditures and the food resource gap. The proposed framework can be applied to analyze other safety net programs.

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Intergenerational scars: The impact of parental unemployment on individual health later in life. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Matteo Picchio and Michele Ubaldi.

June 22, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper detected a negative effect on physical health.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1271, 2023

Intergenerational scars: The impact of parental unemployment on individual health later in life – Download PDF
by Ubaldi, Michele & Picchio, Matteo

GLO Fellow Matteo Picchio

Author Abstract: This paper studies whether individuals that experienced parental unemployment during their childhood/early adolescence have poorer health once they reach the adulthood. We used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 2002 until 2018. Our identification strategy of the causal effect of parental unemployment relied on plant closures as exogenous variation of the individual labor market condition. We combined matching methods and parametric estimation to strengthen the causal interpretation of the estimates. On the one hand, we found a nil effect for parental unemployment on mental health. On the other hand, we detected a negative effect on physical health. The latter is stronger if parental unemployment occurred in early periods of the childhood, and it is heterogeneous across gender. The negative effect of parental unemployment on physical health may be explained by a higher alcohol and tobacco consumption later in life.

Featured image: JR-Korpa-on-Unsplash

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Beauty, Underage Drinking, and Adolescent Risky Behaviours. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Colin Green & Anwen Zhang and Luke Wilson.

June 21, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that attractive adolescents are more likely to engage in drinking.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1270, 2023

Beauty, Underage Drinking, and Adolescent Risky Behaviours – Download PDF
by Green, Colin P. & Wilson, Luke B. & Zhang, Anwen

GLO Fellows Colin Green & Anwen Zhang

Author Abstract: Physically attractive individuals experience a range of advantages in adulthood including higher earnings; yet, how attractiveness influences earlier consequential decisions is not well understood. This paper estimates the effect of attractiveness on engagement in risky behaviours in adolescence. We find marked effects across a range of risky behaviours with notable contrasts. Attractive adolescents are more likely to engage in drinking; the gap between attractive and unattractive adolescents in terms of propensity to drink constitutes about one fifth of the baseline mean. In contrast, more attractive adolescents are less likely to smoke, use drugs, or practice unprotected sex. Investigation into the underlying channels reveals that physically attractive adolescents are more popular, have higher self-esteem and personality attractiveness. Popularity leads to a higher likelihood of engagement in “cool” risky behaviours and a lower likelihood for “uncool” behaviours, while self-esteem and personality generally predict a lower likelihood in engaging in all risky behaviours. Our findings suggest physical attractiveness in adolescence carries long-lasting consequences over the life course.

Featured image: YesMore Content on Unsplash

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Marriage versus Cohabitation: How Specialization and Time Use Differ by Relationship Type. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Leslie Stratton.

June 18, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper using Australian time-use data finds that on average married couples specialize more than cohabiting couples.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1269, 2023

Marriage versus Cohabitation: How Specialization and Time Use Differ by Relationship Type – Download PDF
by Stratton, Leslie S.

GLO Fellow Leslie Stratton

Author Abstract: Relationships have changed dramatically in the last fifty years. Fewer couples are marrying, more are cohabiting. Reasons for this shift abound, but the shift may have consequences of its own. A number of models predict that those cohabiting will specialize less than those marrying. Panel data on time use – particularly housework time – as well as on the degree of specialization in more narrowly defined household tasks from the 2001-2019 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey are used to test this prediction. Panel analysis of reported time use data for men provides limited evidence of specialization in any type of relationship. The results for women are much stronger. Women who marry without first cohabiting increase their reported housework time more than those who enter cohabitations (by 3.7 hours versus 1.2 hours). The latter generally make up the difference if they marry. Expanding the analysis to other time uses yields some further evidence of specialization. Survey responses on the degree of specialization are more informative. The raw data show substantial intrahousehold specialization. Even controlling for a broad array of covariates, on average married couples specialize more than cohabiting couples. Furthermore, specialization increases when cohabiting couples marry. Interestingly, there does not appear to be a substantial tradeoff between tasks; partners who report specializing more on one task are more likely to report specializing on other tasks as well. Given the role couples have in family formation and the labor market, it is important to understand this intrahousehold behavior.

Featured image: dainis-graveris-on-unsplash

JUST PUBLISHED
Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

JOPE has CiteScore 9.2 (2022, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

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Does extreme temperature exposure take a toll on mental health? Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. A new GLO Discussion Paper of GLO Fellow Xi Chen & colleagues.

June 14, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper demonstrates that heat and cold exposure days significantly increase the measured depression level of adults.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1267, 2023

Does extreme temperature exposure take a toll on mental health? Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study – Download PDF
by Chen, Yanran & Sun, Ruochen & Chen, Xi & Qin, Xuezheng

GLO Fellow Xi Chen

Author Abstract: Long-term exposure to extreme temperatures could threaten individuals’ mental health and psychological wellbeing. This study aims to investigate the long-term impact of cumulative exposure to extreme temperature. Differently from existing literature, we define extreme temperature exposure in relative terms based on local temperature patterns. Combining the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and environmental data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 2011 to 2015, this study demonstrates that heat and cold exposure days in the past year significantly increase the measured depression level of adults over age 45 by 1.75 and 3.00 per cent, respectively, controlling for the city, year, and individual fixed effects. The effect is heterogeneous across three components of depression symptoms as well as age, gender, and areas of residency, and air conditioning and heating equipment are effective in alleviating the adverse impact of heat and cold exposure. The estimation is robust and consistent across a variety of temperature measurements and model modifications. Our findings provide evidence on the long-term and accumulative cost of extreme temperature to middle-aged and elderly human capital, contributing to the understanding of the social cost of climate change and the consequent health inequality.

Featured image: bethany-laird-on-unsplash

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How much financial literacy matters? A simulation of potential influences on inequality levels. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Giovanni Gallo and Alessia Sconti.

June 13, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper provides results which strongly support mandatory financial education in schools.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1266, 2023

How much financial literacy matters? A simulation of potential influences on inequality levels – Download PDF
by Gallo, Giovanni & Sconti, Alessia

GLO Fellow Giovanni Gallo

Author Abstract: This paper aims to identify the potential influence of financial literacy’s marginal change on households’ income (wealth) inequality levels both at the mean value and along with the distribution value. Using data from the Bank of Italy Survey of Households Income and Wealth (SHIW)’s 2016 wave – which includes the Big Three questions, a widely used measure of financial literacy – we show that replacing 10% of respondents reporting no correct answers with respondents reporting two correct answers out of three correct answers would increase the mean value of the household equivalized disposable income by 0.8% (160€ per year). Additionally, the mean value would increase by +1.5% (285€ per year) if we replace 10% of respondents reporting no correct answers with those reporting three correct answers. These results are not trivial. A lump sum leading to the same household income increase would cost on average EUR 4.1 to 7.3 billion per year in Italy. Finally, heterogeneous analysis reveals that an increase in financial literacy levels is expected to have different outcomes across the population, engendering often a greater reduction of inequality levels among the most vulnerable groups. As a natural policy implication, our results strongly support mandatory financial education in schools.

Featured image: Jason-Leung-on-unsplash

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Working from home and mental health: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Anam Bilgrami.

June 7, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds no evidence that working from home harmed mental health pre-pandemic, but may have deteriorated mental health during the pandemic.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1265, 2023

Working from home and mental health: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic – Download PDF
by Bilgrami, Anam

GLO Fellow Anam Bilgrami

Author Abstract: Robust evidence on working from home and mental health is lacking, with recent concerns it may blur work-home boundaries. Working from home was discretionary and less intensive in pre-pandemic years, while during the pandemic, it was often intensive and ‘mandated’. I estimate the relationship between working from home and mental health via fixed-effects and instrumental variable (IV) estimation. I find no evidence that working from home harmed mental health, on average, pre-pandemic, with IV estimates suggesting potentially improved health. Conversely, working from home may have deteriorated mental health during the pandemic, potentially due its ‘forced’, intensive nature during this time.

Featured image: The-Coherent-Team-on-Unsplash

JUST PUBLISHED

Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

JOPE has CiteScore 6.5 (2021, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

Ends;

Hybrid Mode of Production, Transaction, and Economic Growth: Implication of Digitalization. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Biswajit Mandal and colleagues.

June 3, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper argues that a shift from offline to online may induce higher profits and subsequent economic growth.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1264, 2023

Hybrid Mode of Production, Transaction, and Economic Growth: Implication of Digitalization – Download PDF
by Mandal, Biswajit & Roy Chakraborty, Labani & Sanyal, Alapan

GLO Fellow Biswajit Mandal

Author Abstract: This essay attempts to build a simple theoretical model of optimization to decipher the effect of digitalization of a part of the entire production structure which we call here trading or transaction or marketing. In the basic model we use traditional Cobb – Douglas production function to argue that a shift from offline to online may induce increase in profit and subsequent economic growth. However, the effects are not uniform implying that factor-input ratio or factor-intensity of the trading activity has a role to play in this context. We also find that night time utilization due to digitalization further strengthens our results. We then extend the basic model for a CES production function. And it has been observed there that in CES – case we have similar results but the channels are a little different for that both revenue and cost have similar consequences of digitalization. Nevertheless, the essence of the basic results holds true even in a more generalized case.

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JUST PUBLISHED

Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

JOPE has CiteScore 6.5 (2021, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

Ends;

A parsimonious model of optimal social distancing and vaccination during an outbreak. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Luca Gori & Simone Marsiglio and colleagues.

June 2, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper investigating the optimal control of an epidemic of a Susceptible-Infective-Removed-Susceptible (SIRS) infection, where social distancing is the only control action in a first stage, whereas a combination of social distancing and vaccination is available in a second stage.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1263, 2023

A parsimonious model of optimal social distancing and vaccination during an outbreak – Download PDF
by Gori, Luca & Manfredi, Piero & Marsiglio, Simone & Sodini, Mauro

GLO Fellows Luca Gori & Simone Marsiglio

Author Abstract: Motivated by the complicated control issues of COVID-19, this article aims at investigating the optimal control of an epidemic of a Susceptible-Infective-Removed-Susceptible (SIRS) infection, where social distancing is the only control action in a first stage, whereas a combination of social distancing and vaccination is available in a second stage. The resulting two-control optimal problem is set within a parsimonious economic framework in which a social planner minimises an objective function weighting epidemiological and economic costs by choosing the strength of social distancing in the first stage and both social distancing and the extent of an income tax to finance vaccination in the second stage. The article shows (i) how to mix social distancing and vaccination depending on the planner’s degree of rationality; (ii) the importance of the planner’s expectation about the date of vaccine arrival, and how the actual effi cacy of the vaccine against the infection can affect the optimal social distancing policy in the pre-vaccination period, and (iii) the use of the social distancing instrument as the only optimal control under vaccine rationing.

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JUST PUBLISHED

Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

JOPE has CiteScore 6.5 (2021, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

Ends;

The Dynamics of Labour Market Polarization in Chile: An Analysis of the Link Between Technical Change and Informality. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Isaure Delaporte and Werner Peña.

May 31, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper identifies a process of displacement and occupational downgrading for routine manual workers, while workers in routine cognitive occupations seem to be relatively more protected.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1262, 2023

The Dynamics of Labour Market Polarization in Chile: An Analysis of the Link Between Technical Change and Informality – Download PDF
by Delaporte, Isaure & Peña, Werner

GLO Fellow Isaure Delaporte

Author Abstract: In spite of the growing literature on polarization, relatively little is known about the individual-level patterns underlying the decline of routine occupations and its link with informal employment in a middle-income country context. To shed light on this, we examine the ows of formal and informal workers into and out of routine and non-routine occupations over the period 1980-2015 in Chile. Using rich longitudinal data from the Social Protection Survey of Chile, we first reconstruct individuals’ occupational trajectories by classifying individuals into different states at a monthly frequency. We then use a series of multilevel competing risk event history models and a decomposition ow approach to study the ows underlying the decline of routine occupations over time. Our results suggest a process of displacement and occupational downgrading for routine manual workers: workers in routine manual formal employment become increasingly unemployed or use informality as a buffer against job loss, and workers in routine manual informal employment become unemployed or transit to non-routine manual informal occupations. By contrast, workers in routine cognitive occupations seem to be relatively more protected against job displacement and occupational downgrading. Lastly, we find that the decrease in the share of routine occupations in Chile is mostly due to a decrease in the in ow transition rate from unemployment as well as an increase in the out ow transition rates to unemployment and informality.

JUST PUBLISHED

Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 26 articles on: Aspirations and preferences; Environment, Weather, Climate; Family; Fertility; Historical demography; Ageing, pensions, social security; Migration
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

JOPE has CiteScore 6.5 (2021, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

Ends;

Predicting Poverty with Missing Incomes. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Paolo Verme.

May 30, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper concludes that the quality of predictions and the choice of the optimal prediction model are dependent on the distribution of observed and unobserved incomes, the poverty line, the choice of objective function and policy preferences, and various other modeling choices.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1260, 2023

Predicting Poverty with Missing Incomes – Download PDF
by Verme, Paolo

GLO Fellow Paolo Verme

Author Abstract: Poverty prediction models are used by economists to address missing data issues in a variety of contexts such as poverty profiling, targeting with proxy-means tests, cross-survey imputations such as poverty mapping, or vulnerability analyses. Based on the models used by this literature, this paper conducts an experiment by artificially corrupting data with different patterns and shares of missing incomes. It then compares the capacity of classic econometric and machine learning models to predict poverty under these different scenarios. It finds that the quality of predictions and the choice of the optimal prediction model are dependent on the distribution of observed and unobserved incomes, the poverty line, the choice of objective function and policy preferences, and various other modeling choices. Logistic and random forest models are found to be more robust than other models to variations in these features, but no model invariably outperforms all others. The paper concludes with some reflections on the use of these models for predicting poverty.

Featured image: Mika-Baumeister-on-Unsplash

JUST PUBLISHED

Vol. 36, Issue 3, July 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 26 articles.
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-3

JOPE has CiteScore 6.5 (2021, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

Ends;

(De facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Land Tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa. A new GLO Discussion Paper by Emilio Depetris-Chauvin & GLO Fellow Ömer Özak.

May 29, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper concludes that competition for land is stronger and property rights are weaker close to historical ethnic borders.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1261, 2023

(De facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Land Tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa – Download PDF
by Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio & Özak, Ömer

GLO Fellow Ömer Özak

Author Abstract: We study the role of proximity to historical ethnic borders in determining individual land ownership in Sub-Saharan Africa. Following an instrumental variable strategy, we document that individuals have a lower likelihood of owning land near historical ethnic borders. In particular, the likelihood of owning land decreases by 15 percentage points, i.e., about 1/3 of the mean rate of landownership, for rural migrants who move from 57km (90th percentile) to 2 km (10th percentile) from the border. This result aligns with the view that competition for land is stronger and property rights are weaker close to historical ethnic borders in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Ends;

Inequality of opportunities and beliefs about economic outcomes in the Western Balkans. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Affiliate Elvisa Drishti and colleagues.

April 21, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that inequality of opportunity is positively associated with beliefs about the unfair distribution of outcomes like a successful life and finding a job.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1259, 2023

Inequality of opportunities and beliefs about economic outcomes in the Western Balkans – Download PDF
by Drishti, Elvisa & Mehmetaj, Nevila & Imami, Drini & Zhllima, Edvin

GLO Affiliate Elvisa Drishti

Author Abstract: An egalitarian society is one that incentivises individuals to use their resources in order to be improve their economic outcomes and achieve social integration. The objective of this paper is to analyse Inequality of Opportunity (IOp), a measure of deprivation which counts for differences in economic outcomes, as well as estimate its effects. The research findings show that IOp is positively associated with statements on beliefs about the unfair distribution of outcomes in the sense of a successful life and towards the most important factors of finding a job at present. On the other hand, higher levels institutional trust reverse the effect of IOp. There are additional positive impacts in terms of such beliefs for those whose access to primary goods is limited due to disfavourable initial conditions at birth (being born in a rural area and being a female),who perceive themselves as belonging to a lower social class and those who have had positive experiences from their interaction with institutions. Findings are especially important in the context of countries with weak institutions and democracy, such as the case of Western Balkans (focus of this paper) and urge for a strengthening of institutions which regulate and support the citizens’ integration into society.

JUST PUBLISHED

Vol. 36, Issue 2, April 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 16 articles.
https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-2
Papers will be presented at the online JOPE Spring Conference on April 27, 2023. Registration details.

Vol. 36, Issue 1, January 2023: Journal of Population Economics (JOPE) 16 articles. https://link.springer.com/journal/148/volumes-and-issues/36-1
Watch the videos of article presentations on December 1, 2022 during the GLO Global Conference 2022.

JOPE has CiteScore 6.5 (2021, LINK) & Impact Factor 4.7 (2021, LINK)

Ends;

State Taxation of Nonresident Income and the Location of Work. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow David R. Agrawal and Kenneth Tester.

April 20, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper suggests a novel margin of mobility responses for top-earners: the spatial relocation of labor supply by nonresidents.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1258, 2023

State Taxation of Nonresident Income and the Location of Work – Download PDF
by Agrawal, David R. & Tester, Kenneth

GLO Fellow David R. Agrawal

Author Abstract: Prior studies show that taxes matter for the residential locations of high-income earners. But, states raise a significant share of revenue from nonresidents. Using variation in state tax rates, we provide causal evidence on the effect of the net-of-tax rate on the location of labor supply for professional golfers. State taxes induce high-income earners to shift employment to low-tax states without a residence change. The elasticity of working in a state is 0.34, and consistent with superstar phenomenon, increases with earnings. Our results suggest a novel margin of mobility responses for top-earners: the spatial relocation of labor supply by nonresidents.

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Pension Reforms and Couples’ Labour Supply Decisions. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Patrick Puhani and colleagues.

April 19, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that reactions may in large parts depend on how flexibly workers are able to retire.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1257, 2023

Pension Reforms and Couples’ Labour Supply Decisions – Download PDF
by Moghadam, Hamed Markazi & Puhani, Patrick A. & Tyrowicz, Joanna

GLO Fellow Patrick Puhani

Author Abstract: To determine how wives’ and husbands’ retirement options affect their spouses’ (and their own) labour supply decisions, we exploit (early) retirement cutoffs by way of a regression discontinuity design. Several German pension reforms since the early 1990s have gradually raised women’s retirement age from 60 to 65, but also increased ages for several early retirement pathways affecting both sexes. We use German Socio-Economic Panel data for a sample of couples aged 50 to 69 whose retirement eligibility occurred (i) prior to the reforms, (ii) during the transition years, and (iii) after the major set of reforms. We find that, prior to the reforms, when several retirement options were available to both husbands and wives, both react almost symmetrically to their spouse reaching an early retirement age, that is both husband and wife decrease their labour supply by about 5 percentage points when the spouse reaches age 60). This speaks in favour of leisure complementarities. However, after the set of reforms, when retiring early was much more difficult, we find no more significant labour supply reaction to the spouse reaching a retirement age, whereas reaching one’s own retirement age still triggers a significant reaction in labour supply. Our results may explain some of the diverse findings in the literature on asymmetric reactions between husbands and wives to their spouse reaching a retirement age: such reactions may in large parts depend on how flexibly workers are able to retire.

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The Occupational Attainment of American Jewish Men in the Mid-19th Century. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellow Barry Chiswick and RaeAnn Robinson.

April 18, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that Jews had a higher probability of being professionals, managers, and craft workers, and were less likely to be in farm occupations or in operative jobs.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1256, 2023

The Occupational Attainment of American Jewish Men in the Mid-19th Century – Download PDF
by Chiswick, Barry R. & Robinson, RaeAnn H.

GLO Fellow Barry Chiswick

Author Abstract: This paper is concerned with analyzing the occupational status of American Jewish men compared to other free men in the mid-19th century to help fill a gap in the literature. It does this by using the 1/100 microdata sample from the 1850 Census of Population, the first census to ask occupation. Two independent lists of surnames are used to identify men with a higher probability of being Jewish. The men identified as Jews had a higher probability of being professionals, managers, and craft workers, and were less likely to be in farm occupations or in operative jobs. Using the Duncan Socioeconomic Index (SEI), the Jewish men have a higher SEI overall. In the multiple regression analysis, it is found that among Jewish and other free men occupational status increases with age (up to about age 44 for all men), literacy, being married, being native born, living in the South, and living in an urban area. Controlling for a set of these variables, Jews have a significantly higher SEI, which is the equivalent of about half the size of the effect of being literate. This higher occupational status is consistent with patterns found elsewhere for American Jews throughout the 20th century.

Ends;

Identity, Communication, and Conflict: An Experiment. A new GLO Discussion Paper by GLO Fellows Sumon Bhaumik and Ralitza Dimova and colleagues.

April 17, 2023Discussion Paper, News, Post, Post-23GLO Admin

A new GLO Discussion Paper finds that inter-personal communication may help to mitigate high intensity conflicts when the identities are common knowledge among rivals.

GLO Discussion Paper No. 1255, 2023

Identity, Communication, and Conflict: An Experiment – Download PDF
by Bhaumik, Sumon & Chowdhury, Subhasish M. & Dimova, Ralitza & Fromell, Hanna

GLO Fellows Sumon Bhaumik and Ralitza Dimova

Author Abstract: We investigate experimentally the effects of information about native/immigrant identity, and the ability to communicate a self-chosen personal characteristic towards the rival on conflict behavior. In a two-player individual contest with British and Immigrant subjects in the UK we find that neither information about identity nor communicating self-characteristics significantly affect the average level of conflict. Both of those, however, significantly affect players’ strategies, in the sense of the extent they involve conflict over time. Overall, the results indicate that inter-personal communication may help to mitigate high intensity conflicts when the identities are common knowledge among rivals.

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Ends;

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